Dec182025
Probate Q&A Series

Who receives pension benefits if a beneficiary is listed, and what happens if no beneficiary is on file? – North Carolina

Short Answer

In North Carolina, pension and similar retirement-plan death benefits usually go to the beneficiary named on the plan’s beneficiary designation, not under a will and not through the probate estate. If no living beneficiary is on file (or the beneficiary is not eligible under the plan), many plans pay the benefit to the deceased person’s legal representative (the estate’s personal representative), or use a plan-specific order of who gets paid. The exact result depends on the type of pension plan and its governing documents.

Understanding the Problem

Under North Carolina probate practice, the key question is whether a pension or retirement plan pays at death based on a beneficiary designation on file with the plan administrator, or whether the plan pays through the estate when no beneficiary exists. The decision point is whether a valid, living beneficiary exists under the plan’s rules at the time of death. If no beneficiary exists, the issue becomes whether the plan pays to the estate’s personal representative or follows another plan rule for payment.

Apply the Law

Most pensions and retirement plans are “contract” assets: the plan pays whoever the plan records show as the beneficiary, and the personal representative generally does not control that payment. A probate lawyer typically confirms benefits by contacting the current or former employer and the plan administrator, then reviewing the plan’s documents and any beneficiary designation forms on file. If no beneficiary is on file (or no beneficiary is living), many plans direct payment to the deceased person’s legal representative (the estate), and the personal representative then administers that money through the estate under the will or, if there is no will, North Carolina intestate succession rules in Chapter 29.

Key Requirements

  • Valid beneficiary designation on file: The plan pays to the person(s) the member named, so long as the designation meets the plan’s rules and the beneficiary is living at the time of death.
  • Plan type and plan document controls: Employer plans, government retirement systems, and other retirement arrangements can have different default rules and required forms.
  • If no living beneficiary exists: Many plans pay to the deceased person’s “legal representative” (typically the court-appointed personal representative of the estate), after the required proof and paperwork.

What the Statutes Say

Analysis

Apply the Rule to the Facts: With no specific facts provided, a common scenario is that a pension plan has a beneficiary designation on file. In that situation, the plan typically pays the listed beneficiary directly. If the plan has no beneficiary designation on file (or the listed beneficiary died first and no contingent beneficiary exists), many plans pay to the deceased person’s legal representative so the funds become part of the probate estate and are distributed under a will or, if there is no will, under North Carolina intestate succession.

Process & Timing

  1. Who files: Usually the named beneficiary; if there is no beneficiary (or the plan requires estate involvement), the personal representative. Where: Claims are made with the plan administrator or retirement system; if an estate must be opened, qualification occurs before the Clerk of Superior Court in the county where the estate is administered. What: The plan’s claim packet, plus a certified death certificate; if claiming as the estate, letters testamentary or letters of administration are commonly required. When: As soon as practical after death; plan deadlines and local court processing times can vary.
  2. Plan review step: the claimant (or the estate’s lawyer) confirms the plan type, gets the summary plan description/plan rules, and confirms the beneficiary designation on file, including any spouse-related requirements that may apply under federal or plan rules.
  3. Payment step: the plan pays the beneficiary directly, or pays the estate’s personal representative. If paid to the estate, the personal representative treats the payment like other estate funds and distributes it through the estate after required estate administration steps.

Exceptions & Pitfalls

  • Out-of-date designations: A beneficiary designation that was never updated after marriage, divorce, or a beneficiary’s death often drives the outcome, even if a will says something different.
  • Spousal protections and consent issues: Some qualified retirement plans have rules that protect a spouse or require specific spousal consent to name someone else, and plans often reject paperwork that does not meet those formalities.
  • “No beneficiary” does not always mean “estate”: Certain government systems and plans can pay under a statutory “facility of payment” rule or a plan-specific order, which may bypass probate even when no designation exists.
  • Delays from missing documents: Plans commonly require a certified death certificate and, if the estate is claiming, current letters issued by the Clerk of Superior Court; missing or outdated documents can stall payment.

Conclusion

In North Carolina, pension benefits typically pay to the beneficiary named on the plan’s beneficiary designation. When no living beneficiary is on file, many plans instead pay to the deceased person’s legal representative (the estate’s court-appointed personal representative) or follow a plan-specific default rule. If the funds are payable to the estate, they then pass under the will or, if there is no will, under North Carolina intestate succession. The most practical next step is to request the plan’s claim packet and beneficiary confirmation from the plan administrator.

Talk to a Probate Attorney

If a family is dealing with a pension benefit after a death and the plan is asking for beneficiary paperwork or estate documents, our firm has experienced attorneys who can help explain the options and timelines under North Carolina probate rules. Call us today at (919) 341-7055.

Disclaimer: This article provides general information about North Carolina law based on the single question stated above. It is not legal advice for your specific situation and does not create an attorney-client relationship. Laws, procedures, and local practice can change and may vary by county. If you have a deadline, act promptly and speak with a licensed North Carolina attorney.

Category: Probate Q&A Series

Author: jpierce

Attorney Jared Pierce is the founder of Pierce Law Group in Raleigh, North Carolina, a firm he established with a dedicated focus on probate administration and estate planning across North Carolina. Born and raised in the Republic of South Africa, Jared moved to Durham with his family in 2001, bringing with him a rich cultural background and a distinctive accent that often serves as a conversation starter.